Showing posts with label faith. Show all posts
Showing posts with label faith. Show all posts

Monday, July 28

神經科學,下一個hype?



“從電腦的心靈到無心的人”一文,中文版在網上差不多絕跡了,轉載如下:


從電腦的心靈到無心的人

▌Schweigen˙著
────────────────────────────────

在語言學和語言哲學的研究中,一般有語法學(Syntax)和語意學(Semantics) 的區分,前者只考慮句子各組成部分的排列規則,後者則關涉了意義。意義如何出現?或者意義是什麼?傳統上一直是個謎。顯然,數位電腦以 0 與 1 的排列而操作,一切程式語言最後都可以由 0 和 1 來加以編碼,而毋庸考慮任何語言單位的意義,因此數位電腦被認為是依純粹語法來操作的認知系統。如果人的心靈同樣也是一種依純粹語法操作的認知系統,我們便可以說電腦在原則上也能夠擁有心靈。

 人類的心靈能理解、運用語言,語言則至少包括了意義和句法兩個層面,但那個層面是對心靈而言是基本的?那個則是派生出來的?瓊斯基的生成文法理論主張句法是人的心靈所本具的東西,不管語言的表面形式和結構為何?各種不同語言的人們心中總是共有著「深層文法(deep grammar)」,它根據生成和轉換規則來生成無限多的語句,語意只是附著在語法上的派生性質。如此,瓊斯基的生成文法理論便成以電腦來理解心靈的橋樑。

 以弗德爾(Jerry A. Fodor)為代表的心靈表徵論(representationalism)則認為我們的心靈除了深層文法外,語意也是心靈的基本特徵。這些基本特徵是從大腦的生化過程中所產生的特別功能,換言之,心靈乃是大腦的特殊功能。因而大腦中必要存在相應於心靈的深層文法和語意之「心語(mentalese)」又叫做「思想的語言」。 它依生成和轉換規則而操作,也就是它仍包含語法演算的性質。可見得,這一派結合功能論(functionalism)和計算論, 前者是指把心靈當成有限狀態的系統,一定輸入會改變內在狀態而產生一定輸出,後者則指依規則操作的語法演算。

 瑟爾的理論則主張,純粹語法形式的認知系統不可能擁有心靈。瑟爾指出,按語法形式演算來定義的程式,不管是否能達到相當的複雜性,永遠也不可能使電腦產生心靈認知時所特有的意向性本質。瑟爾構思了一個「思想實驗」,即中文房間論証來說明語法形式的演算不可能產生意向性──即語意性質。瑟爾的論証對哲學界和人工智能學界造成不小的衝擊,物理符號系統論者雖盡力地想在語法運作上建立語意性質(如 Jerry A. Fodor 的表徵論之嘗試),但結果總不能另人滿意。以大腦神經系統的生理運作為模型的聯結論(connectionism)再度復興,同時產生一個心靈哲學的學派叫做消除唯物論(eliminative materialism), 主張我們所謂信念、欲望、意圖等所謂的意向性根本不實在,應該予以消除,我們所有的只是神經系統的運作而已,這些運作被我們假想為是產生了信念、欲望、意圖等心理現象,其實它們是一套人為的語言,這套語言指涉了根本不存在的東西,就像「燃素」指涉了根本不曾存在過的東西一樣,今天我們都知道燃燒是氧化作用,根本不存在燃素,「燃素」這個語言就隨科學的進步而被消除了。同理,科學(神經生理學)的進步同樣也可以消除這一套語言。消除唯物論把這一套心理語言所搭架起來的心理學稱作「俗民心理學(folk psychology)」(不只是通俗心理學,還包括今天大學心理學所研究的一切──只要是用信念、欲望、思想等語言建立起來的通通都算),所以他們主張俗民心理學為假,總有一天會被消除。這個學派最有名的哲學家叫邱崎南(P.Churchland)。

 在 1990 年,美國著名的科學期刊《科學的美國人》邀請瑟爾和邱崎南兩人發表文章對辯。

 瑟爾的論點和他在 1980 年的文章一樣;邱崎南則運用聯結論──神經網路模型來証明機器將具思考能力的可能性。神經網路模型乃是取自大腦中樞神經系統的運作模式,在一個多層網路間,每一層裡所有的神經元均和另一層所有的神經元相聯結,當輸入層的神經細胞受刺激時,刺激訊息便會分佈到隱藏層的每個神經元中,最後的輸出則視聯結強度和安排而定。這樣的模型就不再是一系列的語法符號依規則而運算,而是每單一符號所負載的訊息被分散到每個神經元上。邱崎南認為瑟爾的中文房間論証即使是健全的,也只能對序列符號模型有效,其效力無法達於平行系統。瑟爾則以為二種系統並本質上的差異,仍是形式語法的演算,他可以把中文房間擴大成「中文體育館」、甚至像整個印度那樣大的國家,容納許多人平行分佈操作,其結果還是一樣,每個人照樣不懂中文。邱崎南則反駁說,若如此,瑟爾需要 10 的 14 次方的人,而且當中的每個人不過扮演一神經元的角色,誰會認為單個神經元能產生語意性質?瑟爾則認為數量根本不相干,問題是在邏輯上, 0 和 1 再怎麼組合排列,還是沒辦法產生我們看到「馬」這個字時,所浮現的馬的形像和瞭解「馬」的意義。

 其實,依邱崎南的聯結論立場,傳統上的語意、語法劃分已不再有意義。所剩者只有聯結強度、門檻函數、活化值、權重值....等這些東西。對邱崎南來說,所有者只是大腦中樞神經系統的生化過程。傳統所謂的心靈和由心靈所衍生出來的一切心理學概念,或者心靈的各組成部分,通通都只是一種假像,也就是,心靈根本不存在。真相是人就是「無心的人」。

※本文原載於 5/20/96 台灣文化資訊站台灣哲學的地平線板
 並刊載於 5/24/96 破周報 38 期資訊鐵板燒版
綜其所言,Schweigen支持Churchland的觀點,認為采用大量平行結構及非線性算法的神經元網絡就是所謂“心靈”,一切概念、思想及情緒現象,都不過是物質的,基于電流、脈沖的興奮或抑制。這個心靈物化的結果,就是心靈不存在。


任何關於“存在”或“不存在”的思想,在哲學裡依然是個學說,是懸而未決的問題。雖然在八九十年代風靡一時,連接主義、神經科學一度勢微,機器人智能也裹足不前,沒有本質的進展。雖然一個機器人能夠與音樂家合作,指揮一個交響樂團,大概沒有音樂家會相信它可以“懂”音樂。Searle的中文房間,應該可以升級為開放式的指揮臺了;不過,圖靈測試則有辦法升級為音樂家評判嗎?不個,隨著硬體技術的迅速發展,大容量仿真計算成為可能,人們又躍躍欲試了。

讓我也來試一試上綱上線。既然相信“心靈”存在的人是如相信“燃素”存在一樣淺薄,是“民俗”心理學者,那么消除唯物論就是赤裸裸的唯物主義,否定一切道德、信仰的獨立存在性,也就根本否定了其必要性。人,最後,就變成無心、無信仰(包括價值觀)、無道德倫理。

一如進化論所面對的類似問題(弱肉強食的自然選擇如何產生利他主義和犧牲精神),學術界當然知道這個唯物神經主義的潛在危機,所以他們正費盡心思地要解決這些問題。這一次,有人建議神經科學應該借鑒經濟科學,以解決“合作”的問題。

不過,更引人注目的,是反方向的建議,經濟學應該跟從神經科學。當你能夠模擬思維,能夠read mind的時候,一起都變得容易了。

所以,繼馬克思將經濟舉到一個前所未有的高度之後(可惜這個一度光輝的思想大大失敗了,雖然鄧小平換了一種方式用“黑貓”理論讓它死灰復燃),一部分科學家們正在將神經科學及其附屬品(parallelism,simulation,evolutionary intelligence,social networks, BDI agents)高舉:只要我們完全掌握了神經現象,不單是治療一切神經系統疾病,還可以解釋、掌控經濟,也可以解釋、解決信仰問題、社會問題;總之,以其氣吞山河之勢,小至個人幸福,大至更高的人類理想——一個社會烏托邦,都似乎已經不在話下。

帕斯卡說,人的心中有一个洞,除了上帝没有什么东西能填满它。不幸的是,我們總是在尋找替代品。宗教用行善代替對神的信心,馬克思用物質的富足代替精神的富足,當今泛濫成災的色情文化用縱欲代替愛,網迷們用虛擬世界代替現實,用數據、資料的泛濫代替知識和智慧。替代品,都是謊言。無神主義,穿上唯物論的神經科學的外衣,又給人帶來外表光鮮的老騙局。

聖經怎么說呢?“世人哪,耶和華已指示你何為善。他向你所要的是甚麼呢?只要你行公義、好憐憫,存謙卑的心,與你的神同行。”(彌迦書6:8)“你當預備迎見你的神。”(阿摩司書4:12)

Wednesday, July 23

God, Love, Gospel, and the Anglicans

While the Anglican Church is fighting within itself to put a few things right, whether or not homosexuals can be ordained as bishops, is surely the core issue. The lead, was that Gene Robinson, an openly gay, was consecrated by the US church. The Canada church went on to bless same-sex union. So-called 'conservatives' boycotted the recent Lambeth conference because of the presence of US and Canada delegates there. Meanwhile, parish members of Gene Robinson's church were having a barbeque celebration. A lady, while attending the barbeque, told the reporter that the Gospel preached us to love, not to hate.

How flashy to claim that it's a Gospel of love that Jesus preached. He could have done it in a more flashy way (as compared with what is in the Gospels), giving energetic talks on mega-conferences, doing TV talkshows, giving out huge donations, building up orphanages all over the world - any good deeds we can think of, EXCEPT going to the Cross. This love-only gospel, as many falsely hold, is anything but a true gospel.

Who is the God that we put our faith in? Yes He is a God of Love. He loves us - all sinners, unconditionally. But, I dare to say, He is also a God that HATES - He hates sins. And He is a God of Judgment,because He is a God of Righteousness, and will judge us all at the end of the world. Hence comes the great sacrifice He Himself offered. If sin is anything trivial, He didn't need to pay such a big price. There is no room for Redemption, if people can simply love and be good. No, Jesus came to save, and He died for us, because of our sins.

It's funny to find that even some Anglican theologians regard homosexuality not as a sin, on the ground that Jesus never mentioned it. I wonder, people might be very happy that Jesus didn't mention many sins in the Bible explicitly so they had more 'freedom'.

When Jesus was confronted by people bringing the woman caught in adultery (John 8), He didn't even mention 'adultery is a sin'. He wrote on the ground with his fingers. The result, was all the onlookers felt guilty and left one another. Jesus then told the woman, 'Neither do I condemn you; go, and sin no more.’ He came, to save, not to condemn and judge. Yet He said, 'Sin no more'. He came to visit whores, Pharisees, tax collectors, adulterers and adulteresses. With His holy presence, He needed not to tell them about the sins they committed. Yet He asked, 'Sin no more'.

As for the Law, if we interpret it as 'traditionalism', Jesus surely stood by it, 'Think not that I am come to destroy the law, or the prophets; I am not come to destroy, but to fulfil. For verily I say unto you, Till heaven and earth pass, one jot or one tittle shall in no wise pass from the law, till all be fulfilled.' The biblical references on homosexuality as a sin are numerous, including in the Old Testament LEV 18:22, 20:1-3, HOS 9:9, and in the New Testament, ROM 1:26-27, 1CO 6:9-10. Did Jesus never mention it, as some Anglican theologians claimed? It occurs to me when I was thinking about it, MAT 10:15, 'Verily I say unto you, It shall be more tolerable for the land of Sodom and Gomorrha in the day of judgment, than for that city'. It is a grievous warning, and we can read it along with JUD 7: 'Even as Sodom and Gomorrha, and the cities about them in like manner, giving themselves over to fornication, and going after strange flesh, are set forth for an example, suffering the vengeance of eternal fire.'

Nothing is clearer than that.


This world, is sinking into secularism. Ordinary people, stars, seminary professors, bishops, all question the legitimate position of the Bible being taken as a morality standard. They say, time has changed, traditionalism doesn't have a place any more. What they really object, is not traditionalism or conservatism, but the old and true Gospel, the Gospel of the Cross. This is however, nothing new. The world, with all its armies of disbelief, have rejected the Gospel.

I don't want to be rude, but seriously, if we don't accept the Gospel, i.e., accept Jesus as our personal Saviour, we can't understand God's commandment, let alone adhere to it. We are simply unable to do good. Now, for us believers, why does God have the right to give us the law? He is God, we are human. Why should we stick to His law? Yet we are His children. Father always has some rules for his son, not to punish him, but to keep him from hurting himself, paying a grievous price thereof. This is nothing else but love.

Apostle John said, "Behold, what manner of love the Father has bestowed upon us, that we should be called the sons of God." (1 John 3:1) He then pointed out, "we know that, when he shall appear, we shall be like him. And every man that has this hope in him purifies himself, even as He is pure." We are, because God is. It is all because we have the special relationship with God.

William Barclay's "Ethics in a Permissive Society", a brilliant book about the basis of biblical ethics. We can have a quick look of the bible verses, as follows. DEU 5:6, 'I am the LORD thy God, which brought thee out of the land of Egypt, from the house of bondage.' He is our Saviour. And His commandments we listen to. DEU 24:18, 'but thou shalt remember that thou wast a bondman in Egypt, and the LORD thy God redeemed thee thence: therefore I command thee to do this thing'. No matter it is to worship the True God, or to treat neighbours with fairness and favour, there is only one single ground, is that we are saved by God. We are saved from being a slave to Satan, doing evil in darkness. Now we belong to God, and we should walk in the light, being like Him, and doing good through Him.

Not only we should keep ourself upright, we have the responsibility to remind people who err (JAM 5:19). Only love can complete the law.


Back to the news, this time, it takes a Catholic priest to remind them of the danger of secularism and relativism. However, since Cardinal Dias warned that the Anglican Church is suffering spiritual Alzheimer's disease, the Society of Alzheimer's sent in a complaint, saying he offended the suffers of Alzheimer's. Hmm. In this political-correctness-maniac society, remember you can't say words such as 'spiritual deafness' etc., not even 'spiritual death' since the dead will surely have a problem with it! But I don't think there is a need for the Cardinal to apologize or even comment on that illogical charge.

If separation is the only way to preserve truth in church practice, there is no problem out of that. Presbyterians have done that. Why shouldn't the Anglicans, especially after we read this?
The Archbishop was speaking as the bishops emerged from three days of retreat and a service featuring Buddhist chants and grass-skirted Melanesian dancers in Canterbury Cathedral.
Some are sober: a family will break with no boundaries. A union kept by politics but without a common biblical faith, is anything but a church. Those bishops proud of how inclusive they are, do they know what they are doing? The church needs to be separate, to be holy, and then it can reach to the community, this as always as in any other church business, remaining in Jesus Christ.

Last but not least, even when Jesus Himself declared He is the Truth, People rejected Him, saying He was possessed. Dr John Sung the famous Chinese preacher, was sent to an insane asylum by the Union Theological Seminary back in 1920s. There is, as always, a danger for being confident that you have the truth, but we should never ever be ashamed of it. Jude said, ‘you should earnestly contend for the faith which was once delivered unto the saints.' Paul said, 'I have fought a good fight, I have finished my course, I have kept my faith.' True Christians, fear not.